New evidence suggests that medication for people recently diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can significantly cut the risk of serious negative outcomes. The research, published in the BMJ, highlights reductions in suicidal behaviours, substance misuse, transport accidents, accidental injuries and criminal activity among those receiving treatment.

ADHD affects an estimated 5% of children and around 2.5% of adults globally, and is often linked to impulsivity, poor attention and difficulties with executive functioning. These traits can contribute to higher rates of risk-taking behaviours and poorer life outcomes. The study found that drug treatment may help counter these issues by improving concentration and reducing impulsive tendencies. For example, improved attention could lower the chances of road accidents, while reduced impulsivity may help prevent aggression or crime.

Researchers analysed Swedish health records between 2007 and 2020, covering more than 148,000 people aged 6 to 64 who had received a new ADHD diagnosis. Just over half (57%) began treatment, most commonly with methylphenidate. When compared with those who were not treated, patients on medication had lower rates of four out of five harmful outcomes, with reductions of up to 17% for first-time events.

The benefits were even more pronounced for people with repeated episodes. In this group, medication was linked with a 25% reduction in substance misuse and criminality, alongside notable decreases in suicidal behaviour, accidents and injuries. Researchers say the findings provide strong real-world evidence in favour of ADHD drug treatment.